Authors

Zykin Ivan V.
LOCATION, LAYOUT AND ARCHITECTURAL APPEARANCE OF THE USSR’S PULP AND PAPER ENTERPRISES IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1930s (EXAMPLES OF ARKHANGELSK AND SOLIKAMSK MILLS)

Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education №1 (77) March, 2022

During the industrialization in the late 1920s - early 1940s, Soviet Union constructed large pulp and paper mills, mainly in the European North and North-West, the Volga-Vyatka district, and the Urals. These were combines built using advanced industrial construction technologies and equipped with advanced equipment and processes. The planning and architectural appearance of these mills are poorly studied, though presenting undeniable interest in terms of pulp-and-paper industry history, operation of industrial buildings in the late 1920s - early 1940s, and prospects for their use at present. The examples chosen are Arkhangelsk Mill (in the north of the European part of Russia) and Solikamsk Mill (Western Urals), which were built in the second half of the 1930s - early 1940s and put into operation on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. Both were built following the same design but had differences in layout and architectural appearance. The study revealed that a key role in the planning of the mills belonged to the mutual position of the river and the railway line to the nearest station. Most of the production buildings built in the late 1930s and early 1940s operated for a long time, underwent reconstruction or, if dilapidated, were subjected to conservation or dismantled. The buildings formed the architectural appearance of these pulp-and-paper mills and continue to be its integral parts at the present time

Zykin Ivan V.
THE WORKERS VILLAGE OF SOLIKAMSK SULPHITE PULPING MILL IN THE LATE 1930s - EARLY 1940s: A STUDY EXPERIENCE

Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education №3 (75) September, 2021

During the years of the first Soviet five-year plans, from the late 1920s to the early 1940s, a network of residential settlements was actively built for the timber industry. In the second half of the 1930s, the construction of pulp and paper enterprises was accompanied by the construction of workers settlements with wooden apartment houses as the main way to solve the housing problem. In recent years, these houses have been disappearing due to their classification as unfit for residence. Currently, it appears important to explore experiences in the construction of wooden apartment houses from the perspective of the history of economics and architecture and in connection with active expansion of wooden housing construction in the Russian Federation. The workers village of the Solikamsk sulphite pulping mill (in the north of the modern Perm Krai) built in the second half of the 1930s - early 1940s is an appropriate example. Materials from Solikamsk city archive, field research data, Yandex Maps and the Housing and Utilities Reform online resource has enabled a comprehensive study of the village to be carried out. The workers village included one-story wooden houses for engineering staff and two-story wooden houses for other personnel combined in blocks. Almost all of the construction work including site improvements had been completed by the start of operation of the enterprise. The field study has revealed that most of the workers village has been preserved to date, and the houses are occupied. The plan and buildings of the Solikamsk sulphite pulping mill’s settlement were found to have many features of the “Socialist City” concept. Construction of buildings in wood, social and welfare institutions, improvements, and preserved planting contributed to the formation of an attractive appearance, and the settlement gave origin to the city of Solikamsk, having turned into one of its boroughs.

Zykin Ivan V.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SETTLEMENT NETWORK IN THE TIMBER INDUSTRY OF THE SOVIET UNION IN THE 1930s

Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education №4 (72) December, 2020

The period of "socialist industrialization" of the late 1920s - early 1940s in the Soviet Union was associated with active construction of a settlement network, including in the forest industry. Active development of resources in the northern and eastern regions and in the European part of the country and construction and reconstruction of enterprises gave rise to a large number of working villages, some of which were given the status of town. Extensive operations across forestry areas and crisis in the industry in the last decades of the 20th and early 21st century led to the shrinking of the settlement network, especially in the timber harvesting sector, and the cities and towns for which timber enterprises were or still are a mono-employer have slipped into depression. This calls for turning attention to the experience of locating, planning and building worker villages in the timber industry in the late 1920s and early 1940s. This study of the settlement network revealed that settlements were set up close to timber production sites, worker villages tended to grow into towns, and several attempts were made to construct "socialist cities". Settlements near medium and large timber enterprises and those lying close to transport routes formed the framework of the settlement network of the industry, while the number of timber-logging villages began to decline since the late 1930s.

Zykin Ivan V.
THE PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE OF WORKERS’ SETTLEMENTS NEAR THE LOGGING ENTERPRISES OF THE TIMBER IDUSTRY IN THE 1930s (WITH REFERENCE TO KRASNOKAMSK)

Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education №3 (67)

The legacy of many of the Russian towns and workers settlement, including those associated with the timber industry, presents an innovation in population resettlement and industrial and civil construction realized in the 1930s. The main tendencies in the formation of the settlement network in the timber industry are identified. The features and qualities of urban and rural settlement construction attached to the enterprises of the timber industry are compared. The town of Krasnokamsk in Perm Region is used as an example to consider the design and development of settlements in the context of the «Socialist town» policy and industrial construction. The conclusions suggest that there were substantial faults in settlement planning and difficulties in the implementation of these plans due to chaotic development conducted by various business entities in their own interests.

Zykin Ivan V.
THE HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE WORKERS’ SETTLEMENTS IN THE URAL TIMBER INDUSTRY IN THE 1930s

Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education №4 (44) December, 2013

The article deals with the housing problem at the workers’ settlements in the Ural timber industry during the period of socialist modernisation in the late 1920-1930s. The author has carried out comparative analysis of the housing conditions and infrastructure between the settlements of the timber processing enterprises employing both "hired labour" and various categories of «special labour», or prisoners, and the settlements of the timber-logging enterprises, which functioned only during the timber logging phase, and their workers were mainly «special labour». The enterprises of the Ural timber industry failed to resolve the housing problem during the 1930s.

Zykin Ivan V.
SPECIFIC FEATURES RELATING TO THE SITING, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIAL SETTLEMENTS NEAR THE ENTERPRISES OF THE TIMBER INDUSTRY IN THE URAL REGION

Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education №3 (43) September, 2013

The subject-matter of this article is the architectural and planning features of the special settlements in the timber industry of the Ural region that arose during the period of socialist modernization in the late 1920s –1930s around the enterprises of the industry. Those settlements played an important role in the development of the region’s settlement network. A review of the siting, planning and development of the remaining special settlements reveals an attempt to find an "optimal" solution to the housing problem in the area being developed in the context of scarce resources for social needs. The special settlements had a number of characteristic features which later provided a basis for the development of workers’ settlements.