Authors

Lipina Tatiana N.
18th-19th CENTURY CULT 18ARCHITECTURE IN SOUTHERN TRANS-URAL REGION AND ITS ROLE IN THE CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF VILLAGES (WITH REFERENCE TO ZYRYANOVSKY SETTLEMENT)

Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education №4 (36) December, 2011

Construction of the Zyryanovsky fortress on the river Isset for protecting the peasants of the Kamensk Factory started in 1727. In 1848, it was recognised as unnecessary, and the fortress transformed into an ordinary large village. During the construction phase, a wooden church was built at the centre of the settlement in the name of Sergius, the Wonderworker of Radonezh, which burnt down in 1781. The second wooden church built a year later fell into decay with time, and in 1825 it was replaced with a one-altar stone temple. The new church in the older context became a focus link in the settlement’s panorama.

Numerous reforms carried out by the government during that period served to refurbish and reconstruct the temples in towns and small settlements, for example, in the settlement of Zyryanovsky. The small one-altar church was demolished and replaced with a four-altar one in the name of the Holy Theophany of our Lord in "provincial" classicism. The three-part composition of the Zyryanovsky church of a "ship" type included a semicircular apse, a quadrangular frame, a frater and a belltower. The church belonged to the columnless tiered type. The church ensemble included two identical wings: the parochial school and the household part. The adjoining area of the church was enclosed with a fence that consisted of a continuous brick base, marble columns on it and wrought-iron lattice.

As shops were set up near the church, the popularity of the church square area and the adjoining street was increasing.

In the late 19th century, in Russia and, specifically, in Southern Urals, extensive construction was under way in the area of public buildings, such as schools, hospitals, banks, etc. In 1889, the settlement of Zyaryanovsky saw a bank constructed, a one-storied massive building on a low base.

The sprawling building of the bank occupies the southwest part of the square, at a junction of two streets. Riveting attention to itself, the building organizes all of the free space and ensures harmony with human dimension. Integrated into the simple fabric of the settlement and exchanging references with the church, this commercial building counterbalanced the opposite side of the square, a free, open space smoothly sloping down towards the river.

Thus, the centre of the settlement combined the "old" and the "new" in a uniform planning structure and has become historically and ideologically linked to the architecture of the church. The unique character of the buildings around the church emphasized its aesthetic and artistic qualities whilst revealing the stylistic distinctions of the local architecture.

Lipina Tatiana N.
THE ROLE OF CULT ARCHITECTURE IN THE CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF FACTORY SETTLEMENTS IN THE 18th – 19th CENTURIES WITH REFERENCE TO KAMYSHEVSKAYA SLOBODA

Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education №1 (33) March, 2011

During the period of mass colonisation of the Ural Mountains in the 17th century with extensive development of prime quality lands, areas around small rivers and minor tributaries were the first to be developed. The state borders were secured by constructing strong points, including ostrogs (stockaded towns), slobodas (large villages), and fortresses. Thus, in 1861, Kamyshevskaya Sloboda arose on the left bank of the river Isset. It was enclosed with a defence wall and had a wooden church in the centre.

No information has been found concerning the time of construction of the St. George Cathedral in stone. It is known that the cathedral was consecrated on 26 November 1831. Cult buildings were constructed on the basis of standard rules, with the invariable three-part composition of the volumes placed on one axis: temple, refectory, bell tower. The cathedral located in the centre of the village consolidated the composition of the site, the low-rise housing developments serving as a frame to the cult building. The square with the cathedral became the settlement’s centre, "attracting" all the principal streets towards itself. On week-ends, people from all around the settlement and its neighbourhoods would travel to this market square, which turned into a setting for a most boisterous, brisk and lively performance. Kamyshevo’s resulting character mirrors all of these different aspects of its development: social, trading, cultural, and spiritual.

In the second half of the 19th century, the stratification of peasants in Russia manifested itself in the architecture of settlements as variation in building types. Merchants built their houses in the best streets of the settlement realizing both their own and alien tastes and becoming bearers of social and cultural "progress" in rural life. A typical example of such local building type is the richly decorated merchant house on Uralskaya Street. The unsophisticated architecture of the merchant stores had references to the decor of the St. George Cathedral.

In the 1830-1840s, Nicholas I initiated a radical turn in cult architecture. The Emperor encouraged the construction of churches in the Old Russian style. As a result, a new porch, a bell tower and side-altars were added to St George Cathedral, which created the impression of it being sprawled and chained to the earth. The erection of a stone fence around the cathedral became an important element of the ensemble and generated additional artistic effects. The church thus became the main religious centre of the settlement but also a symbol of statesmanship, asserting the ideas of unity and integrity of the multinational Russian empire. The industrial revolution in the second half of the 19th century promoted the construction of a complex of industrial buildings (cloth weaving mill) owned by A.M.Ushkov in the village of Kamyshevo. The church on the opposite bank stood for active perception in conjunction with the mill, resulting in a more complex and enlarged structure of the settlement.

The public buildings, all rendered equally powerfully in terms of volume and elevation and scattered around the St. George cathedral towering on a hill, attached special picturesqueness to it. Thus, a small group of administrative buildings, creating architectonic "spots" and skilfully arranged on the main street, gave to the centre a business-like and official look. The distinctive, unique architectural planning structure of the village Kamyshevo has a cathedral as its main building, which will be maintaining its dominant role, producing a considerable impact on its cultural development.

Lipina Tatiana N.
THE ROLE OF CULT ARCHITECTURE IN THE CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF 18TH-19TH CENTURY SOUTHERN URALS SETTLEMENTS WITH REFERENCE TO THE SETTLEMENT OF BAGARYAK

Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education №2 (30) June, 2010

The architecture of the temple of the Ascension of the Lord in the settlement of Bagaryak, which has kept elements of baroque and classicism, has provided a significant effect on the formation of the settlement’s centre with its well-ordered composition. Numerous reconstructions of this church testify to its special importance in the cultural life of the local community. The Temple of Ascension is the main keeper of local cultural traditions, interacting with surrounding constructions and presenting a significant local architectural project.